Effect of Menthol-preferring Status on Response to Intravenous Nicotine

Menthol facilitates the intravenous self-administration of nicotine in rats

Menthol is preferred by ~25% of smokers and is the most common flavoring additive in tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Although some clinical studies have suggested that menthol facilitates the initiation of smoking and enhances the dependence on nicotine, many controversies remain. Using licking as the operant behavior, we found that adolescent rats self-administering nicotine (30μg/kg/infusi...

effect of oral presentation on development of l2 learners grammar

this experimental study has been conducted to test the effect of oral presentation on the development of l2 learners grammar. but this oral presentation is not merely a deductive instruction of grammatical points, in this presentation two hypotheses of krashen (input and low filter hypotheses), stevicks viewpoints on grammar explanation and correction and widdowsons opinion on limited use of l1...

on the status of mixed methods research in applied linguistics

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Effect of menthol on nicotine pharmacokinetics in rats after cigarette smoke inhalation.

INTRODUCTION The effect of menthol on nicotine disposition is important in understanding smoking behaviors among different racial groups. The present study was to evaluate whether menthol affects the pharmacokinetics of nicotine after cigarette smoke inhalation. METHODS Rats were exposed to mainstream smoke from either a nonmentholated or mentholated cigarette (1 puff/min for 10 min) using a ...

The Effect of Menthol on Nicotine Metabolism : a Cross Species Evaluation